by Justina Walford
199 Fun and Effective Fundraising Events for Nonprofit Organizations
by Sumac Research. Social media has effectively changed the realm of possibility when it comes to running and promoting a nonprofit campaign. Want to tap into the power of social media to raise money for your organization? Here are 3 steps to create a killer social media campaign and tons of examples to get you inspired.
http://sumac.com/3-steps-to-creating-a-killer-social-media-campaign
by Sumac Research. The holiday season is a vital time to raise funds for most nonprofits. For small nonprofits, however, competing with the big guys can be difficult. Here are four tips that will help you convince potential donors that it's more important than ever to donate to small charities.
http://sumac.com/4-ways-small-nonprofit-can-compete-with-the-big-guys-this-holiday-season
by Sumac Research. Ever think of substituting your fundraising letter for a video? There's no better way to stir emotions and draw people in to tell them a story about your need than a carefully crafted video. Here are five great fundraising videos that we hope will inspire you and some tips for getting it just right.
http://sumac.com/5-great-fundraising-videos
by Sumac Research. Showing your appreciation to donors is incredibly important. It's what keeps them giving and giving more! Here are six ways to say thanks along with some tips, examples and resources.
http://sumac.com/6-ways-to-thank-your-donors
by Karen Eber Davis, Karen Eber Davis Consulting
http://www.kedconsult.com/articles-resources/dozen-positive-responses/
by Sumac Research. Pictures can be an incredibly powerful tool of change. They can cause someone to understand the importance of what you do and, more importantly, to act. Here are 3 ways to get donors to act.
http://www.sumac.com/a-picture-is-worth-a-thousand-donations
This will define planned giving in simple terms, articulate the market opportunity that exists, detail step-by-step initiation process, provide a market plan, explain benefits to donors, and much more.
A Planned Giving "How-To" Manual
by Henry A. Rosso
Hank Rosso's Achieving Excellence in Fund Raising (Jossey Bass Nonprofit & Public Management Series)
by Eugene R. Tempel, Timothy L. Seiler , Eva E. Aldrich
Achieving Excellence in Fundraising
By Noelle Barton and Caroline Preston
http://philanthropy.com/article/Big-Companies-Hold-Steady-in/123792/
by Karen Eber Davis, Karen Eber Davis Consulting
http://www.kedconsult.com/articles-resources/dreaded-grant-question/
Never Hire Someone to Do What is Their Responsibility. There is a valid place for consultants in the business of fund-raising, but there is also a place consultants should never go. It is one thing to engage a consultant to assist in the creation of a development effort, the design of a campaign, or an evaluation of organizational need and the resources available to meet that need. It is quite another to hire a consultant to ask prospects for money.
http://www.raise-funds.com/c98forum.html
by George Smith
Asking Properly: The Art of Creative Fundraising
In addition to serving as a site for member professionals, accessible resources include definitive information on organizational fundraising practices including FAQs, articles, Code of Ethics, and more. The national site also links users to the Suncoast Chapter of AFP which serves the Tampa Bay area.
http://www.afpnet.org/
by Sumac Research. Using specific examples of "stupid" nonprofit ads, we'll show you how commercial ad agencies get it all wrong when it comes to creating nonprofit ads by trying to be too clever. We'll look at some of the specific tactics they use, why they fail, and how you can create an ad that gets it just right.
http://sumac.com/bad-non-profit-ads-how-ad-agencies-fail-the-non-profit-sector
What happens before a campaign begins is far more important than actually conducting that compaign. Does your organization have these items in place as part of your fund-raising plan? A one-page PDF From Tony Poderis. Tony also offers a sample funding plan outline.
http://www.raise-funds.com/exhibits/exhibit01.pdf
Many nonprofits obtain necessary operating funds from fees for service and sales. However, if your nonprofit also counts on donations, then this module from Carter McNamara, MBA, PhD for MAP for Nonprofits will be useful.
http://www.managementhelp.org/np_progs/fnd_mod/fnd_raise.htm
wirtten by Sumac Research. Is your organization spending too much on donor acquisition in order to combat high donor attrition? According to experts, this is a costly mistake!
http://sumac.com/boosting-donor-retention-yields-big-returns
by Bernard Ross and Clare Segal
Breakthrough Thinking for Nonprofit Organizations: Creative Strategies for Extraordinary Results (Jossey Bass Nonprofit & Public Management Series)
written by Sumac Research. Your database is a great donor relations tool, and once you begin to treat it that way, you will see drastic improvements in fundraising! Here are some examples to get you thinking about just how valuable it can be.
http://www.sumac.com/can-software-really-help-you-raise-more-money
is the publisher of The CW Network, an online resource for non-profit and philanthropy professionals. Website highlights include: onPhilanthropy.com, InsideGiving.com,
Internet-Fundraising.com, NPOtoday.com, employment listings at DotOrgJobs.com and free E-Newsletters.
http://www.changingourworld.com/
IRS Publication 1771 (Rev. 3-2002) explains the federal tax law for organizations such as charities and churches that receive tax-deductible charitable contributions and for taxpayers who make contributions.
http://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-pdf/p1771.pdf
A checklist to help your organization assess its competitive edge and improve its chances for success in fund-raising. From Tony Poderis.
http://www.raise-funds.com/a98forum.html
by Sumac Research. Use this list to find the right fundraising software for your nonprofit. Also includes fundraising software reviews and resources to help you find the right match for your organization.
http://sumac.com/choosing-fundraising-software-7-things-to-consider
by Sumac Research. A comparison of price and features of the top ten peer-to-peer, social fundraising websites. Includes an example fundraising page for each.
http://sumac.com/comparison-of-top-10-social-fundraising-websites
Two useful charts to help understand national trends in philanthropic giving, from Giving USA 2003: The Annual Report on Philanthropy for the Year 2002 (researched and written at The Center on Philanthropy at Indiana University, building on the American Association of Fundraising Counsel's near half-century of data on giving).
http://www.givingusa.org/
a magazine focused on fundraising
http://www.contributionsmagazine.com/
by Sumac Research. Did you know that a typical nonprofit will lose 50% of its donors between the first and second donation, and up to 30% per year thereafter? This staggering rate of attrition has forced many nonprofits into a never-ending cycle of trying to acquire new donors. It's time to switch gears and start focusing on the donors you've already got. It's all about creating the perfect donor experience and we'll show you how to do it.
http://sumac.com/creating-the-perfect-donor-experience
by Sumac Research. Highlighting creative ideas for growing your mailing list with no money using social media, events and your website.
http://www.sumac.com/creative-ways-to-grow-your-mailing-list-with-no-money
By Sumac Research. Find out more about a new trend called "crowdsourced fundraising", the benefits, and how your organization can take advantage.
http://www.sumac.com/crowdsourced-fundraising-empowering-the-multitudes
by Sumac Research. While for-profit techniques may generate more revenue for your cause, are they threatening to undermine the culture of charity?
http://www.sumac.com/does-more-business-like-mean-selling-your-non-profits-soul
by Sumac Research. Ever wonder if giving premiums or token gifts for donations works? You know, offering labels as an incentive to give, or a T-shirt as a bonus for giving? Well, there's a lot of controversy surrounding the issue. Here's what people have found and what the research says.
http://sumac.com/donation-premiums-do-they-work
by Ilona Bray, J.D.
Effective Fundraising for Nonprofits: Real-World Strategies That Work
from The Grantsmanship Center Magazine.
http://www.tgci.com/magazine/01fall/grantsm1.asp
Internet-based fundraising software that can be used free of charge by small or start-up nonprofits (sliding scale for larger organizations).
http://www.etapestry.com/
by Sumac Research
http://sumac.com/events-to-remember-events-to-forget
Be heard at your next fund-raising meeting with exhibit and document handouts, provided for your free use by Tony Poderis (appropriate credit is appreciated). Support materials for fundraising organization, planning, leadership, campaigns, methods of solicitation, and working with professional fund-raising facilitators.
http://www.raise-funds.com/exhibitlist.html
Federal Register - http://listserv.access.gpo.gov/
Requests for Proposals - http://foundationcenter.org/pnd/rfp/
Sign Up for RFP Bulletin Weekly - http://www.fdncenter.org/newsletters/
List of Foundations - http://www.fundsnetservices.com/
Florida Grants - http://www.myflorida.com/
Florida Administrative Weekly - http://faw.dos.state.fl.us/fawframes.html
by Sumac Research. Five tips with case studies for running a successful fundraiser.
http://sumac.com/five-great-fundraisers
Published by Sage Fundraising Online
by Cody Switzer
You shouldn't be using the same formula to seek every gift. Learn five steps for improving conversations with donors.
Five Steps for Winning Conversations With Donors
Articles from the archives of The Grantsmanship Center Magazine.
http://www.tgci.com/magazine/fdncorp.asp
Cartoons from Tony Poderis to keep fund-raisers smiling! As Tony says, "it's a great day to fund-raise!"
http://www.raise-funds.com/exhibitlist.html#19
Fund Raising: Evaluating and Managing the Fund Development Process
from the archives of The Grantsmanship Center Magazine.
http://www.tgci.com/magazine/fundraise.asp
Fundraising events can be time-consuming to plan and expensive to produce. Before forging ahead, make sure you've selected the best one for your organization. By Betty Stallings and Donna MacMillion for The Grantsmanship Center
http://www.tgci.com/magazine/Choosing%20the%20Right%20Event.pdf
An archive of free articles for nonprofit organizations and their employees and volunteers involved in fundraising processes, from Tony Poderis.
http://www.raise-funds.com/library.html
By Mal Warwick
http://www.ssireview.org/articles/entry/fundraising_in_tough_times/
A portal to a multitude of fundraising ideas and projects.
http://www.fundraising.com/
by Sumac Research
http://sumac.com/grant-writing-for-non-profits
by Karen Eber Davis, Karen Eber Davis Consulting
http://www.kedconsult.com/articles-resources/getting-current-information/
GiftLaw Pro is a comprehensive charitable giving and tax information service. Published by Crescendo Interactive, Inc. and provided by Community Foundation of Tampa Bay
http://www.giftlaw.com/glawpro.jsp?WebID+GL2008-1825
connecting donors with projects needing support
http://www.globalgiving.com/
Articles from the archives of The Grantsmanship Center Magazine.
http://www.tgci.com/magazine/govt.asp
Grant Craft explains tools grant makers use to evaluate proposals.
http://www.grantcraft.org
by Karen Eber Davis, Karen Eber Davis Consulting
http://www.kedconsult.com/articles-resources/grant-tracking-chart/
Individuals with library cards from Tampa Bay cooperating libraries (Hillsborough, Pinellas, Pasco and others) can access online directories of the Hillsborough County Public Library's Foundation Center. Resources include The Foundation Director Online Platinum, Prospect Research Online, Business & Company Research, Gale's Ready Reference Shelf, etc.
http://rpa.hcplc.org/rpa/webauth.exe?is=rfcdop
Find and apply for federal grants.
http://www.grants.gov/
by Kim Klein, Publisher Emeritus
http://www.grassrootsfundraising.org/
by Andy Robinson
Grassroots Grants: An Activist's Guide to Grantseeking (Kim Klein's Chardon Press)
(Publisher: Chronicle of Philanthropy) An electronic database of all foundation and corporate grants listed in The Chronicle of Philanthropy since 1995. Grants starting at $5,000. Grant records link automatically to stories featured in the Chronicle. The Library also has access to the Chronicle's online Archive of articles dating back to 1997.
http://philanthropy.com/
Endorsed in 2004 by the Board of Directors of Independent Sector, this document calls on funders and nonprofit organizations to adopt a reciprocal commitment to working together constructively, to enhanced performance, and to effectiveness.
http://www.independentsector.org/issues/buildingvalue/opsupport.html
by Sumac Research. A summary of free services and resouces available to nonprofits to help you deliver your mission.
http://www.sumac.com/free-services-for-non-profits
by Karen Eber Davis, Karen Eber Davis Consulting
http://www.kedconsult.com/articles-resources/ready-to-apply-for-a-grant/
by Karen Eber Davis, Karen Eber Davis Consulting
http://www.kedconsult.com/articles-resources/five-factors-to-consider/
by Sumac Research. Try out the gift chart calculator, find out how to construct a gift chart of your own and how it can be used to secure major gifts.
http://www.sumac.com/how-to-construct-a-gift-chart-use-it-to-secure-major-gifts
by Karen Eber Davis, Karen Eber Davis Consulting
http://www.kedconsult.com/articles-resources/last-minute-opportunities/
by Betty Stallings
How to Produce Fabulous Fundraising Events: Reap Remarkable Returns with Minimal Effort (Book & Diskette)
by Ken Burnett and Karen Weatherup
How to Produce Inspiring Annual Reports: A Guide for Voluntary, Arts and Campaigning Organisations
by Deborah Koch
How to Say It: Grantwriting: Write Proposals That Grantmakers Want to Fund
by Sumac Research. Need to improve fundraising? Here we summarize the research to bring you a strategy that puts you on the path towards successful fundraising, along with the tools and resources to help you get each stage of that strategy right.
http://sumac.com/how-to-triumph-at-fundraising-the-strategy-and-tools-for-success
by CRM Software.org
http://crmsoftware.org/resources/grant-proposal-writing-for-small-business/
by Value Stock Guide
http://valuestockguide.com/investment-advice-how-to-write-an-effective-business-plan/
by Mal Warwick
How to Write Successful Fundraising Letters, with CD (The Jossey-Bass Nonprofit Guidebook Series)
Written by Sumac Research. You know you have a good cause worthy of support, but writing a fundraising letter that convinces potential donors of this is not always easy. Read this for insight to help you write the perfect fundraising letter every time.
http://sumac.com/how-to-write-the-perfect-fundraising-letter
by Sumac Research. In this article, you will find tips on how to write the perfect thank you letter as well as a sample letter to help you put the tips into context.
http://www.sumac.com/how-to-write-the-perfect-thank-you-letter
a magazine focused on fundraising
http://www.interscience.wiley.com/journal/nvsm
Fundraising books, articles, seminars
http://www.kenburnett.com/
written by Cindy Kane, Grant Writing and Social Enterprise Consultant
Key Steps to Strategic Grant Writing
Free Short Course - http://www.fdncenter.org/getstarted/tutorials/shortcourse/
Online Training - http://www.fdncenter.org/getstarted/training/online/index.jhtml
Search the Message Board - http://members4.boardhost.com/PNDtalk/
Corp. for Public Broadcast Tips - http://www.cpb.org/grants/grantwriting.html
Grant Planning & Tips - http://www.seanet.com/~sylvie/grants.htm
Grant Writing Tips Sheets - http://www.grants.nih.gov/grants/grant_tips.htm
Basic Steps - http://www.generalcode.com/grants/grant_writing_get_started.html
Project Proposals - http://www.mcf.org/mcf/grant/writing.htm
Grant Abstracts - http://www.tgcigrantproposals.com/
Avoiding Mistakes - http://www.agsnet.com/grants/rf5.asp
Conciseness - http://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/print/general/gl_conciseEX1.html
Collaboration - http://www.communitycollaboration.net/
by Sumac Research. Meeting with major donors to secure a significant gift for your organization can be a little nerve-wracking. Here's some advice to help calm your nerves, including specific tips that will help you find major donors, set up a meeting, and make the ask.
http://sumac.com/major-gifts-a-guide-to-getting-in-front-of-donors-and-making-the-ask
by Sumac Research
http://sumac.com/major-gifts-turn-a-$100-donor-into-a-$10000-angel
by Sumac Research. Want your fundraising letter to have impact? Replace that dry introduction with a story that brings the reader into your world and helps them see the importance of what you do. Includes three examples.
http://www.sumac.com/making-a-scene-the-recipe-for-a-great-fundraising-letter
donor developing programs
http://www.malwarwick.com/
grants to individuals and to nonprofits
http://www.modestneeds.org/
Nonprofits with a website can use Network for Good's Giving System to receive online donations
http://www.networkforgood.org/npo/fundraising/donations/index.html
by Karen Eber Davis, Karen Eber Davis Consulting
http://www.kedconsult.com/articles-resources/never-miss-a-grant-deadline/
frogloop.com - Care2's nonprofit online marketing blog
http://www.frogloop.com/care2blog/2010/5/12/new-guiding-principles-for-fundraising.html
by Molly Schar
http://www.suite101.com/content/nonprofit-donor-stewardship-a134374
This is a one-stop-shop for nonprofits looking for the resources you need to succeed. Here you will find a free directory of those who specialize in assisting the nonprofit sector to fulfill your mission. Please take a moment to check the listings to find the resources you need to succeed. There are 140+ consultants, coaches, vendors and specialists listed here who are dedicated to helping the nonprofit sector survive and thrive.
http://www.nonprofitnationalresourcedirectory.com
Maintaining Sufficient Reserves to Protect Your Not-For-Profit Organization, Spring 2010, by Grant Thorton
This free handbook (100-page PDF) is available for downloading from Groundspring.org. Includes internet strategies for success, cultivating donors online, driving traffic to your site, and more.
http://www.groundspring.org/techniques/handbook.cfm
Organizations Which Rate Nonprofits on Fundraising Efficiency
Nonprofits may use their own online shopping mall to raise funds.
http://www.ourgv.org/streamsinthedesert
helping nonprofits fundraise
http://www.papilia.com/
Written by Sumac Research. Before getting serious about any large scale capital project, be sure all your organizational and financial ducks are standing firmly in a row.
http://sumac.com/phases-of-a-capital-campaign
written by Sumac Research, September, 2010
http://www.sumac.com/philanthropy-competitions-get-in-the-game-and-win-some-money-for-your-charity
Review unrealistic expectations, pay practices that grantors often see as tainting the funding process, and poor planning and follow-through. Can these situations doom you to failure? An article from Tony Poderis.
http://www.raise-funds.com/040202forum.html
by Jeremy Miner and Lynn Miner
Proposal Planning & Writing
from the archives of The Grantsmanship Center Magazine.
http://www.tgci.com/magazine/fundraise.asp
A thorough introduction or refresher course provided by The Foundation Center.
http://fdncenter.org/learn/shortcourse/prop1.html
by Jennifer Filla, Aspire Research Group
http://www.aspireresearchgroup.com/Documents/ARG_CorpProfileSample.pdf
by Jennifer Filla, Aspire Research Group
http://www.aspireresearchgroup.com/Documents/ARG_IDprofile.pdf
by Jennifer Filla, Aspire Research
http://www.aspireresearchgroup.com/Documents/ARG_SolicitationProfile.pdf
by Madeline Stanionis
The Mercifully Brief, Real World Guide to Raising Thousands (If Not Tens of Thousands) of Dollars With Email
by Ken Burnett
Relationship Fundraising: A Donor Based Approach to the Business of Raising Money
written by Sumac Research, August, 2010
http://www.sumac.com/research-shows-new-dos-and-donts-of-fundraising
Written by Sumac Research. Despite still being very much in recovery-mode from the economic turn-down, research reveals that a surprising 66% of donors could be inspired to give more generously this year. But, they have some specific requests from the nonprofits they support.
http://sumac.com/research-shows-new-dos-and-donts-of-fundraising
by Mal Warwick
Revolution in the Mailbox: Your Guide to Successful Direct Mail Fundraising (The Mal Warwick Fundraising Series)
by Karen Eber Davis, Karen Eber Davis Consulting
http://www.kedconsult.com/articles-resources/sample-grant-management-form/
by Karen Eber Davis, Karen Eber Davis Consulting
http://www.kedconsult.com/articles-resources/sample-letter-of-intent/
by Karen Eber Davis, Karen Eber Davis Consulting
http://www.kedconsult.com/articles-resources/increase-fundraising-success/
Even the strongest donor bonds can benefit from reinforcement. Use these tips to strengthen relationships with supporters. Written by Sue Croudace, Springboard Marketing and Communications.
Seven Ways to Strengthen Your Donor Base
by Seth Godin
Small Is the New Big: and 183 Other Riffs, Rants, and Remarkable Business Ideas
by Heather Mansfield
Social Media for Social Good: A How-to Guide for Nonprofits
Archieve of fundraising creativity from around the world
http://www.sofii.org/
by Karen Eber Davis, Karen Eber Davis Consulting
http://www.kedconsult.com/articles-resources/stand-out-in-print/
By Susan Packard Orr in The Grantsmanship Center Magazine.
http://www.tgci.com/magazine/03spring/tech1.asp
by Karen Eber Davis, Karen Eber Davis Consulting
http://www.kedconsult.com/articles-resources/ten-avoidable-grant-errors/
by Sumac Research. Looking for some new, creative fundraising ideas? Here's a list of 10 fresh fundraising ideas for all types of organizations that will help you raise money and have fun doing it!
http://sumac.com/10-fresh-fundraising-ideas
If members of your organization are having this discussion, be sure this article is provided as required reading! From Tony Poderis' Fund-Raising Forum.
http://www.raise-funds.com/898forum.html
by Laura Fredricks
The Ask: How to Ask for Support for Your Nonprofit Cause, Creative Project, or Business Venture
Visit the Resource Center and Bookstore on the website of The Association of Fundraising Professionals.
http://www.afpnet.org
by Robin E. Craven and Lynn Johnson Golabowski
The Complete Idiot's Guide to Meeting & Event Planning, 2nd Edition
by Raymund Flandez
The high turnover rate of fundraisers is costing charities money. Lots of money.
The Cost of High Turnover in Fundraising Jobs
by Michael A. Sand
The Essential Nonprofit Fundraising Handbook: Getting the Money You Need from Government Agencies, Businesses, Foundations, and Individuals
by Allison Saget
The Event Marketing Handbook : Beyond Logistics and Planning
by Sumac Research. The millennial donors are passionate about philanthropy, but they will not be happy sitting on the sidelines. They want to be part of the change. Find out how to engage them to create lasting supporters.
http://www.sumac.com/the-fire-belly-mountain-climbing-social-media-using-next-generation-donor
The Foundation Center offers in-depth information on individual foundations.
http://www.foundationcenter.org
by Karen Eber Davis, Karen Eber Davis Consulting
http://www.kedconsult.com/articles-resources/the-gift-recognition-chart/
The National Council of Nonprofits offers classes and resources on propsoal writing through its 36 state associations.
http://www.councilofnonprofits.org
The Network for Good Learning Center offers resouces on its Web site to charities seeking help writing proposals.
http://www.fundraising123.org
The Networked Nonprofit: Connecting with Social Media to Drive Change
frogloop.com Care2's nonprofit online marketing blog
http://www.frogloop.com/care2blog/2010/5/7/the-next-generation-of-american-giving.html
The Nonprofit Marketing Guide: High-Impact, Low-Cost Ways to Build Support for Your Good Cause
by Ellen Karsh and Arlen Sue Fox
The Only Grant-Writing Book You'll Ever Need: Top Grant Writers and Grant Givers Share Their Secrets
written by Kim Klein
http://www.grassrootsfundraising.org/howto/v23_n1_art03.pdf
by Ken Burnett
The Zen of Fundraising: 89 Timeless Ideas to Strengthen and Develop Your Donor Relationships
by Sumac Research. Need to re-energize a donor that has lapsed? Here are a few strategies to win back donors who have suddenly stopped giving.
http://www.sumac.com/how-to-win-back-lapsed-donors
by Neil Sloggie
Tiny Essentials of Fundraising
by Sivan Nemovicher, Elizabeth Good Christopherson, Jill Nagle, and Jonathan Kartt
The real opportunity for nonprofits in the social media world is deeper engagement with their audience, their community.
by Karen Eber Davis, Karen Eber Davis Consulting
http://www.kedconsult.com/articles-resources/20-ways-to-form-relationships/
Written by Sumac Research. Online giving is growing. Being able to accept donations online, therefore, is critical to any size organization. Find out what options are available for small and mid-sized nonprofits.
http://sumac.com/weighing-your-options-for-processing-credit-card-payments-online
by Karen Eber Davis, Karen Eber Davis Consulting
http://www.kedconsult.com/articles-resources/what-funders-want-to-know/
Books about fundraising
http://www.whitelionpress.com/
by Sumac Research. Monthly giving works, there is no question. The success stories are countless and the benefits for both the nonprofit and donor are undeniable. We'll take you through some of these benefits and what you need to get a program like this up and running.
http://sumac.com/why-every-non-profit-needs-a-monthly-giving-program
Written by Sumac Research. The Case for Support is the statement of your cause explaining what you do, why it's important and, why people should support you.
http://sumac.com/writing-a-case-for-support
by Karen Eber Davis, Karen Eber Davis Consulting
http://www.kedconsult.com/articles-resources/your-best-grant-sources/
by Karen Eber Davis, Karen Eber Davis Consulting
http://www.kedconsult.com/articles-resources/fifteen-points-to-include/
website with articles on fundraising for nonprofits.
http://www.zimmerman-lehman.com/
Note that not all resources will be appropriate to all organizations, nor does Nonprofit Leadership Center of Tampa Bay warrant the accuracy or availability of any of the listed resources or their applications to individual agencies.